The corticolimbic system, which is made up of the prefrontal cortices, amygdala and hippocampus, processes a broad range of behavioral and cognitive functions, including motor programming and control, decision making, mnemonic function and emotional regulation. Recent work has illustrated the flexibility of the corticolimbic system; indeed, changing environmental factors such as stress- and fear-inducing stimuli might expose one to particular vulnerabilities, including the development of neuropsychiatric (e.g., posttraumatic stress disorder or addiction) and neurological disorders (e.g., Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease). Yet, despite decades of progress unraveling the neuroanatomy and functionality of this system, much remains unknown.